The former player: 'I wanted to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This piece contains details of racially offensive comments and behaviour
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that going public to reveal racism in professional rugby led his professional journey to an premature conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, showing Whatsapp messages and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been a handful of games with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have absolutely had to retire because of what went on," he explained to media outlets.
"I wanted to continue playing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were investigations going on.
"That was difficult - I had to just accept the outcome and understand that this entire process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was surprisingly overlooked for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to journalists he also faced prejudice within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in 2014.
"I have had several distressing experiences within England camp," he stated.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become accepted in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the problem that I've personally suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a extended period you just learn to believe that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell says he was eventually motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the elite level."
"We has given significant attention on diversity and inclusion in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"We are ongoing work with clubs and stakeholders in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face education on building welcoming environments, with its effectiveness monitored via specific documentation and surveys.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to intervene and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the production of the film, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in his hometown, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His 12 Foundation works to reach young people in under-served communities and help them succeed on and off the field with free sports training, guidance and dietary education.
"My personal motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the game and if nobody else is willing to tell their story then I'll continue to advocate for that cause because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I speak about it hopefully the more confident fellow players will become about discussing their own stories as well.
"I grab the bull by the opportunity and continue bearing this flag and continue carrying this weight and do what I can to develop possibilities and make the game more attractive and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely think that the sport has the ability to change their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022